Gang of Four
Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides are known as the Gang of Four (GoF). They wrote an influential book titled Design Patterns, Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. This book started the design pattern movement in software development. GoF design patterns are considered to be the foundation of all subsequent patterns. GoF patterns are categorized in three groups—Behavioral, Creational, and Structural.
Garbage Collection
GC is the process whereby the Common Language Runtime (CLR) reclaims memory that is no longer in use—i.e., no longer referenced by an active object. Objects on the heap are garbage collected after the final reference to them is destroyed. The exact moment of collection is determined by the CLR. Memory for stack values is freed up immediately when the stack frame in which they are declared ends—e.g., when a method returns.
Graphics Device Interface
Windows graphics subsystem providing access via the Win32 API to graphics drivers for rendering 2D graphics, images, and text.
GDI+
Updated Windows graphics subsystem providing access via APIs to graphics drivers for rendering 2D graphics, images, and text. GDI+ is the primary drawing API of the .NET Framework. GDI+ is pre-installed in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, but can be installed on Windows 2000, 98, ME, and NT.
Global Assembly Cache Tool
.NET programming tool (GACUtil.exe) for installing, list the contents, and uninstalling to the Global Assembly Cache. It can be called from batch files and scripts.
Globalization
Process of developing software that can be localized easily to run in multiple locales. Globalized software minimizes assumptions made about cultural, linguistic, and national information. The software is capable of changing locale-specific information to a configured locale reflecting the locale or preference of the user. Also known as internationalization and localization.
GNU Linux
GNU/Linux is a free operating system created by Linus Torvalds and the GNU foundation. The GNU/Linux operating system is well regarded for its cost effectiveness, reliability, and security.
Hash code
Unique number generated to identify a module in an assembly. The hash code ensures that the proper version of a module is loaded at runtime.
Code name for, as yet, unspecified follow-on tooling to Orcas.
Hatteras
Code name for the Team Foundation Version Control tool in Visual Studio .NET 2005.
Heap
Area of memory reserved by the Common Language Runtime (CLR) for temporarily allocating storage for reference types—objects whose existence and size cannot be determined until runtime.
Hibernate
A popular, high performance object-relational persistence (ORM or Object-Relational Mapping) and query service. Hibernate lets you develop persistent classes following an object-oriented idiom—including association, collections, composition, inheritance, and polymorphism. Hibernate lets the Java developer express queries in native SQL, in a portable SQL extension (HQL), and using an object-oriented Criteria and Example API. Hibernate is an important component of the JBoss Enterprise Middleware System (JEMS) suite. Hibernate and NHibernate are available for use in open source and commercial projects under an LGPL open source license.
For .NET developers, the NHibernate service is a port of the Hibernate Core for Java technology to the .NET Framework.
Host Integration Server
Bundle of Microsoft server applications for integrating the .NET platform and applications with non-Microsoft data stores—e.g., DB2—, hardware and operating systems—e.g., AS/400, Unix—, security systems—e.g., ACF/2, RACF—, and transaction environments—e.g., CICS, IMS).
HTML
HyperText Markup Language is the standard content display language of the World Wide Web (WWW). HTML is a markup language rather than a proper programming language. It uses markup tags to indicate how to render the text. HTML is parsed by a Web browser ro render a Web page.
HTML server control
ASP.NET server controls reside in the System.Web.UI.HtmlControls namespace. Mapped directly to HTML elements, HTML server controls are declared on ASP.NET pages as HTML elements marked by runat="server" attributes. For instance:
="server" />
As opposed to a Web server control, an HTML server control hs no asp tag prefix.
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is an Internet communications protocol for transporting data over the World Wide Web (WWW). HTTP is the set of rules for exchanging files between browser client and Web server. It enables the transfer of hypertext and hypermedia, file type recognition, and other functions.
HTTPS
Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is for requesting and securely transferring HTML documents or other information across a network, e.g., the Internet. HTTPS ensures the authenticity and security of transmitted information by using digital certificates.
i18n
Refer to Internationalization.
Identifier
Name for a namespace, type, type member, or variable. In C# and VB .NET, identifiers must begin with a letter or underscore and cannot be keywords.
Indexer
.NET feature enabling access to object properties using accessors and mutators and an index value in the same manner an array would be accessed.
Indigo
Code name for for Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)—the communications subsystem of Longhorn that is built around Web services. WCF addresses encoding, hosting, messaging patterns, networking, security, and spanning transports.
Indy
Code name for a Microsoft capacity planning tool.
InfoCard
Microsoft client-side, digital identity technology.
InfoPath
An application for developing XML-based user forms released as part of the Microsoft Office Suite. InfoPath enables authoring and viewing XML documents with support for custom-defined XML schemas. It can connect to external systems using XML Web services through MSXML and the SOAP Toolkit. Back-end systems can communicate using Web service standards. Since InfoPath documents are XML based, data from external databases can be bound to form controls.
Inheritance
Ability of a new class to be created from an existing class. The new class—derived class or subclass—inherits the members of the existing class—base class or superclass—and may extend the functionality of the base class by adding new types and methods and by overriding existing ones.
Installer Tool
.NET programming tool (InstallUtil.exe) for installing and uninstalling assemblies by executing the installation components within an assembly.
Instance field
Member variable of an object instance.
Instantiation
The creation of a new instance (object) from a class definition—the result of binding a template (class) to particular argument types.
Integrated Development Environment
An IDE is a GUI-based workbench for developing software applications. IDEs combine source code editors, compilers, and other useful tools in a single software package. IDEs may feature data structure browsing, symbolic debugging, and version control.
Interface
Reference type containing only abstract members—delegates, events, indexers, public methods, properties. The interface contains only member declarations. A class implementing an interface must provide the implementation of the interface members. An interface cannot contain constants, constructors, data fields, destructors, or static members. Interface member declarations are implicitly public. Classes or structs may inherit any number of interfaces.
A C# interface is declared with the interface keyword.
Interface contract
Guarantee by an object that it will support all of the elements of its interface. In C#, this contract is created by the use of the interface keyword, which declares a reference type that encapsulates the contract.
Interface Definition Language
IDL is a language for describing object interfaces using their events, methods, names, parameters, and return types. An IDL compiler uses the IDL information to generate code for passing data between computer systems. The Microsoft IDL compiler (MIDL) compiles Microsoft IDL—COM IDL—generating the type libraries and the proxy and stub code for marshaling parameters between COM interfaces.
International Standards Organization
ISO is a central body for formation and dissemination of industry standards for all national standards bodies. Rather than creating standards, ISO provides a means of verifying that those developing a proposed standard have met the requirements for consensus, due process, and other criteria.
Internationalization
Or, internationalisation—as our neighbors across the pond write—is the process of developing software products which core design allows them to be deployed in various locales. Internationalization provides for the cultural and linguistic variations of the targeted locale. Locales may vary in currency; accents, character byte format, character sets, punctuation, and spelling; datetime format; sorting order; textural orientation; etc.
Internet Information Services
IIS is the Microsoft Web server designed to deliver reliable, manageable, and scalable Web application infrastructure for Windows Server 2003. It features automated health monitoring, management capabilities, and process isolation.
Internet Message Access Protocol
IMAP is a method of accessing bulletin board messages or electronic mail which are stored on a remote server. An alternative to POP3.
Internet Security and Acceleration Server
Bundle of Microsoft applications for providing firewall security and Web caching services to a Web server.
Isolated storage
Data storage mechanism used by the Common Language Runtime (CLR) to ensure isolation and type safety by associating code with persisted data. Data contained in isolated storage is identified by assembly and user. Other forms of security credentials—like the application domain—can be used to identify isolated data.
Isolated storage tool
.NET programming tool (Storeadm.exe) for listing and removing existing stores of the current user.
Code name for a part of the Microsoft Office System providing integrated communications capabilities including extensible presence, instant messaging, PC-based voice and video, and telephony integration.
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